Since October 2011 I've been working with the 4 Pi Sky project, which (broadly) aims to automate both the detection and follow-up observation of astronomical transients, motivated in large part by the next generation of large radio telescopes that make up the SKA.
Python is rapidly becoming the lingua franca of astronomical software, and has driven the 4 Pi Sky infrastructure from the start - we use it for real-time alerting, rapid data-analysis pipelines, and probabilistic (Bayesian) forecasting.